The effect of ChatGPT on students' learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis
This publication has been retracted. It is kept in the collection so that readers who meet it cited elsewhere can see its status. Its results carry no evidential weight here.
- Design
- Meta-analysis
- Subject and task
- Other
- Population match
- Secondary students: N/a · University students: N/a
- Study tier
- Not ratedRETRACTED. The Retraction Note (22 Apr 2026, DOI 10.1057/s41599-026-07310-z) cites concerns relating to discrepancies in the meta-analysis, initially raised by Magnus Ingebrigtsen and Marko Lukic, which undermine the Editor's confidence in the validity of the analysis and its conclusions. A retracted analysis's numbers may not be used and no findings are recorded.
- Assessment
- Version 2 · Human-reviewed · Sep 18, 2026
Study facts come from the paper. Population match and study tier are our judgments, made separately for the two populations this collection covers.
This meta-analysis of ChatGPT's effect on learning performance was, for a time, the field's most-cited pooled estimate. It was retracted in April 2026 over discrepancies in the analysis. It is kept in this collection so that readers who encounter it cited elsewhere can see its status; its results carry no evidential weight here.
01Findings
What the study measured
- Limitations
- Retracted; the authors did not respond to correspondence regarding the retraction. Many secondary sources still cite the original pooled estimate.
Methodological notes
Retracted-record handling per EVIDENCE-MODEL.md Rule 14.
02Funding
Funding and conflicts
- Funding
- Not stated
- Vendor funded
- Unclear
- Vendor
- None identified
Funding is shown on every study and never used to score it.
04Source
The source, as retrieved
Abstract
No abstract retrieved.
Where this record came from
| Source | Retrieved | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| seed | Sep 18, 2026 | link first ingestion |